‘ aeroplane ’ means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings;

(1a)   ‘ helicopter ’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes;

(1b)  ‘ balloon ’ means a manned lighter-than-air aircraft which is not power-driven and sustains flight through the use of either a lighter-than-air gas or an airborne heater, including gas balloons, hot-air balloons, mixed balloons and, although power-driven, hot-air airships;

(1c)   ‘ sailplane ’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its fixed lifting surfaces, the free flight of which does not depend on an engine;

(1d)  ‘ commercial operation ’ means any operation of an aircraft, in return for remuneration or other valuable consideration, which is available for the public or, when not made available to the public, which is performed under a contract between an operator and a customer, where the latter has no control over the operator;

(1e)   ‘ tethered gas balloon ’ means a gas balloon with a tether system that continuously anchors the balloon to a fixed point during operation;

For the purpose of passenger classification:

(a)   ‘adult’ means a person of an age of 12 years and above;

(b)   ‘child/children’ means persons who are of an age of two years and above but who are less than 12 years of age;

(c)   ‘infant’ means a person under the age of two years;

‘aircraft’ means a machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface;

(8a) ‘ aircraft tracking ’ means a ground based process that maintains and updates, at standardised intervals, a record of the four dimensional position of individual aircraft in flight;

(8b) ‘ aircraft tracking system ’ means a system that relies on aircraft tracking in order to identify abnormal flight behaviour and provide alert;

‘category II (CAT II) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with:

(a)   DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and

(b)   RVR of not less than 300 m;

‘category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with:

(a)   DH lower than 100 ft; and

(b)   RVR not less than 200 m;

‘category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with:

(a)   DH lower than 100 ft, or no DH; and

(b)   RVR lower than 200 m but not less than 75 m;

‘cloud base’ means the height of the base of the lowest observed or forecast cloud element in the vicinity of an aerodrome or operating site or within a specified area of operations, normally measured above aerodrome elevation or, in the case of offshore operations, above mean sea level;

(22a) ‘ cockpit voice recorder (CVR) ’ means a crash-protected flight recorder that uses a combination of microphones and other audio and digital inputs to collect and record the aural environment of the flight crew compartment and communications to, from and between the flight crew members;

‘code share’ means an arrangement under which an operator places its designator code on a flight operated by another operator, and sells and issues tickets for that flight;

(23a) ‘ competency ’ means a dimension of human performance that is used to reliably predict successful performance on the job and which is manifested and observed through behaviours that mobilise the relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes to carry out activities or tasks under specified conditions;

(23b) ‘ competency-based training ’ means assessment and training programmes that are characterised by a performance orientation, emphasis on standards of performance and their measurement and the development of training to the specified performance standards;

(23c) ‘ competency framework ’ means a complete set of identified competencies that are developed, trained and assessed in the operator’s evidence-based training programme utilising scenarios that are relevant to operations and which is wide enough to prepare the pilot for both foreseen and unforeseen threats and errors;

‘dangerous goods incident’ means:

(a)   an occurrence other than a dangerous goods accident associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods by air, not necessarily occurring on board an aircraft, which results in injury to a person, property damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation or other evidence that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained;

(b)   any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which seriously jeopardises an aircraft or its occupants;

‘de-icing’, in the case of ground procedures, means a procedure by which frost, ice, snow or slush is removed from an aircraft in order to provide uncontaminated surfaces;

‘defined point after take-off (DPATO)’ means the point, within the take-off and initial climb phase, before which the helicopter’s ability to continue the flight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced landing may be required;

‘ dry runway ’ means a runway whose surface is free of visible moisture and not contaminated within the area intended to be used;

(42a) ‘ EFB application ’ means a software application installed on an EFB host platform that provides one or more specific operational functions which support flight operations;

(42b) ‘ EFB host platform ’ means the hardware equipment in which the computing capabilities and basic software reside, including the operating system and the input/output software;

(42c) ‘ EFB system ’ means the hardware equipment (including any battery, connectivity provisions, input/output components) and software (including databases and the operating system) needed to support the intended EFB application(s);

(42d) ‘ EBT module ’ means a combination of sessions in a qualified flight simulation training device as part of the 3-year period of recurrent assessment and training;

‘ ELA1 aircraft ’ means the following manned European Light Aircraft:

(a)   an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 1 200 kg or less that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft;

(b)   a sailplane or powered sailplane of 1 200 kg MTOM or less;

(c)   a balloon with a maximum design lifting gas or hot air volume of not more than 3 400 m ³ for hot air balloons, 1 050 m ³ for gas balloons, 300 m ³ for tethered gas balloons;

‘ ELA2 aircraft ’ means the following manned European Light Aircraft:

(a)   an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 2 000 kg or less that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft;

(b)   a sailplane or powered sailplane of 2 000 kg MTOM or less;

(c)   a balloon;

(d)   a Very Light Rotorcraft with a MTOM not exceeding 600 kg which is of a simple design, designed to carry not more than two occupants, not powered by turbine and/or rocket engines; restricted to VFR day operations;

(44a) ‘ electronic flight bag (EFB) ’ means an electronic information system, comprised of equipment and applications for flight crew, which allows for the storing, updating, displaying and processing of EFB functions to support flight operations or duties;

‘elevated final approach and take-off area (elevated FATO)’ means a FATO that is at least 3 m above the surrounding surface;

(45a) ‘ emergency exit ’ means an installed exit-type egress point from the aircraft that allows maximum opportunity for cabin and flight crew compartment evacuation within an appropriate time period and includes floor level door, window exit or any other type of exit, for instance hatch in the flight crew compartment and tail cone exit;

‘en-route alternate (ERA) aerodrome’ means an adequate aerodrome along the route, which may be required at the planning stage;

‘enhanced vision system (EVS)’ means a system to display electronic real-time images of the external scene achieved through the use of imaging sensors;

(47a) ‘ enrolment ’ means the administrative action carried out by the operator where a pilot participates in the operator’s EBT programme;

(47b) ‘ enrolled pilot ’ means the pilot that participates in the EBT recurrent training programme;

(47c) ‘equivalency of approachesmeans all the approaches that place an additional demand on a proficient crew regardless of whether they are used or not in the EBT modules;

(47d) ‘ equivalency of malfunctions ’ means all the malfunctions that put a significant demand on a proficient crew regardless of whether they are used or not in the EBT modules;

(47e) ‘ evaluation phase ’ means one of the phases of an EBT modulewhich is a line-orientated flight scenario, representative of the operator’s environment during which there are one or more occurrences to evaluate key elements of the defined competency framework;

(47f) ‘ evidence-based training (EBT) ’ means assessment and training based on operational data that is characterised by developing and assessing the overall capability of a pilot across a range of competencies (competency framework) rather than by measuring the performance in individual events or manoeuvres;

‘final approach and take-off area (FATO)’ means a defined area for helicopter operations, over which the final phase of the approach manoeuvre to hover or land is completed, and from which the take-off manoeuvre is commenced. In the case of helicopters operating in performance class 1, the defined area includes the rejected take-off area available;

(48a) ‘ flight crew member ’ means a licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period;

‘flight data monitoring (FDM)’ means the proactive and non-punitive use of digital flight data from routine operations to improve aviation safety;

(49a) ‘ flight operations officer ’ or ‘ flight dispatcher ’ means a person designated by the operator to engage in the control and supervision of flight operations, who is suitably qualified, who supports, briefs or assists, or both, the pilot-in-command in the safe conduct of the flight;

(49b) ‘ flight data recorder (FDR) ’ means a crash-protected flight recorder that uses a combination of data sources to collect and record parameters that reflect the state and performance of the aircraft;

(49c) ‘ flight recorder ’ means any type of recorder that is installed on the aircraft for the purpose of facilitating accident or incident safety investigations;

‘flight simulation training device (FSTD)’ means a training device which is:

(a)   in the case of aeroplanes, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD), a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT), or a basic instrument training device (BITD);

(b)   in the case of helicopters, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD) or a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT);

‘fuel ERA aerodrome’ means an ERA aerodrome selected for the purpose of reducing contingency fuel;

‘GBAS landing system (GLS)’ means an approach landing system using ground based augmented global navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) information to provide guidance to the aircraft based on its lateral and vertical GNSS position. It uses geometric altitude reference for its final approach slope;

‘ground emergency service personnel’ means any ground emergency service personnel (such as policemen, firemen, etc.) involved with helicopter emergency medical services (HEMSs) and whose tasks are to any extent pertinent to helicopter operations;

‘grounding’ means the formal prohibition of an aircraft to take-off and the taking of such steps as are necessary to detain it;

‘head-up display (HUD)’ means a display system which presents flight information to the pilot’s forward external field of view and which does not significantly restrict the external view;

‘head-up guidance landing system (HUDLS)’ means the total airborne system that provides head-up guidance to the pilot during the approach and landing and/or missed approach procedure. It includes all sensors, computers, power supplies, indications and controls;

. . . . .

‘helicopter hoist operation (HHO) crew member’ means a technical crew member who performs assigned duties relating to the operation of a hoist;

‘helideck’ means a FATO located on a floating or fixed offshore structure;

‘HEMS crew member’ means a technical crew member who is assigned to a HEMS flight for the purpose of attending to any person in need of medical assistance carried in the helicopter and assisting the pilot during the mission;

‘HEMS flight’ means a flight by a helicopter operating under a HEMS approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate emergency medical assistance, where immediate and rapid transportation is essential, by carrying:

(a)   medical personnel;

(b)   medical supplies (equipment, blood, organs, drugs); or

(c)   ill or injured persons and other persons directly involved;

‘HEMS operating base’ means an aerodrome at which the HEMS crew members and the HEMS helicopter may be on stand-by for HEMS operations;

‘HEMS operating site’ means a site selected by the commander during a HEMS flight for helicopter hoist operations, landing and take-off;

‘HHO flight’ means a flight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist;

‘HHO offshore’ means a flight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist from or to a vessel or structure in a sea area or to the sea itself;

‘HHO passenger’ means a person who is to be transferred by means of a helicopter hoist;

‘HHO site’ means a specified area at which a helicopter performs a hoist transfer;

‘hold-over time (HoT)’ means the estimated time the anti-icing fluid will prevent the formation of ice and frost and the accumulation of snow on the protected (treated) surfaces of an aeroplane;

‘ hostile environment ’ means:

(a)   an area in which:

     (i)   a safe forced landing cannot be accomplished because the surface is inadequate; or

    (ii)   the helicopter occupants cannot be adequately protected from the elements; or

   (iii)   search and rescue response/capability are not provided consistent with anticipated exposure; or

   (iv)   there is an unacceptable risk of endangering persons or property on the ground;

(b)   in any case, the following areas:

     (i)   for overwater operations, the open sea area north of 45 N and south of 45 S, unless any part is designated as non-hostile by the responsible authority of the State in which the operations take place; and

    (ii)   those parts of a congested area without adequate safe forced landing areas;

(69a) ‘ human–machine interface (HMI) ’ means a component of certain devices that is capable of handling human–machine interactions. The interface consists of hardware and software that allow user inputs to be interpreted and processed by machines or systems that, in turn, provide the required results to the user;

(69b) ‘ in-seat instruction ’ means a technique used in the manoeuvres training phase or the scenario-based training phase, where the instructors can:

(a)   provide simple instructions to one pilot; or

(b)   perform predetermined exercises acting, in a pilot seat, as pilot flying (PF) or pilot monitoring (PM) for:

     (1)   the demonstration of techniques; and/or

     (2)   triggering the other pilot to intervene or interact;

(69c) ‘ instructor concordance ’ means the consistency or stability of scores between different EBT instructorswhich gives a score (or scores) of how much homogeneity, or consensus, there is in the ratings given by instructors (raters);

‘landing decision point (LDP)’ means the point used in determining landing performance from which, an engine failure having been recognised at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked landing initiated;

(70a) ‘ landing distance at time of arrival (LDTA) ’ means a landing distance that is achievable in normal operations based on landing performance data and associated procedures determined for the prevailing conditions at the time of landing;

‘landing distance available (LDA)’ means the length of the runway which is declared available by the State of the aerodrome and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing;

‘landplane’ means a fixed wing aircraft which is designed for taking off and landing on land and includes amphibians operated as landplanes;

(72a) ‘ line-orientated flight scenario ’ means the assessment and training involving a realistic, ‘ real-time ’ , full mission simulation of scenarios that are representative of line operations;

‘local helicopter operation’ means a commercial air transport operation of helicopters with a maximum certified take-off mass (MCTOM) over 3 175 kg and a maximum operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC) of nine or less, by day, over routes navigated by reference to visual landmarks, conducted within a local and defined geographical area specified in the operations manual;

‘low visibility procedures (LVP)’ means procedures applied at an aerodrome for the purpose of ensuring safe operations during lower than standard category I, other than standard category II, category II and III approaches and low visibility take-offs;

‘low visibility take-off (LVTO)’ means a take-off with an RVR lower than 400 m but not less than 75 m;

‘lower than standard category I (LTS CAT I) operation’ means a category I instrument approach and landing operation using category I DH, with an RVR lower than would normally be associated with the applicable DH but not lower than 400 m;

(76a) ‘ maintenance check flight ( “ MCF ” ) ’ means a flight of an aircraft with an airworthiness certificate or with a permit to fly which is carried out for troubleshooting purposes or to check the functioning of one or more systems, parts or appliances after maintenance, if the functioning of the systems, parts or appliances cannot be established during ground checks and which is carried out in any of the following situations:

(a)   as required by the aircraft maintenance manual ( ‘ AMM ’ ) or any other maintenance data issued by a design approval holder being responsible for the continuing airworthiness of the aircraft;

(b)   after maintenance, as required by the operator or proposed by the organisation responsible for the continuing airworthiness of the aircraft;

(c)   as requested by the maintenance organisation for verification of a successful defect rectification;(d)to assist with fault isolation or troubleshooting;

(76b) ‘ manoeuvres training phase ’ means a phase of an EBT module during which, according to aircraft generation, crews have time to practise and improve performance in largely psychomotor skill-based exercises by achieving a prescribed flight path or performing a prescribed event to a prescribed outcome;

(76c) ‘ mixed EBT programme ’ means an operator’s recurrent training and checking programme as per ORO.FC.230, a portion of which is dedicated to the application of EBT but which does not replace proficiency checks as per Appendix 9 to Annex I (Part-FCL) to Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011;

‘maximum operational passenger seating configuration (MOPSC)’ means the maximum passenger seating capacity of an individual aircraft, excluding crew seats, established for operational purposes and specified in the operations manual. Taking as a baseline the maximum passenger seating configuration established during the certification process conducted for the type certificate (TC), supplemental type certificate (STC) or change to the TC or STC as relevant to the individual aircraft, the MOPSC may establish an equal or lower number of seats, depending on the operational constraints;

‘medical passenger’ means a medical person carried in a helicopter during a HEMS flight, including but not limited to doctors, nurses and paramedics;

(78a) ‘ minor failure condition ’ means a failure condition that would not significantly reduce aircraft safety, and which involves flight crew actions that are well within their capabilities;

(78b) ‘ misuse of substances ’ means the use of one or more psychoactive substances by flight crew, cabin crew members and other safety-sensitive personnel in a way that:

(a)   constitutes a direct hazard to the user or endangers the lives, health or welfare of others; and/or

(b)   causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental or physical problem or disorder;

‘night’ means the period between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority, as defined by the Member State;

‘night vision goggles (NVG)’ means a head-mounted, binocular, light intensification appliance that enhances the ability to maintain visual surface references at night;

‘night vision imaging system (NVIS)’ means the integration of all elements required to successfully and safely use NVGs while operating a helicopter. The system includes as a minimum: NVGs, NVIS lighting, helicopter components, training and continuing airworthiness;

‘non-hostile environment’ means an environment in which:

(a)   a safe forced landing can be accomplished;

(b)   the helicopter occupants can be protected from the elements; and

(c)   search and rescue response/capability is provided consistent with the anticipated exposure.

In any case, those parts of a congested area with adequate safe forced landing areas shall be considered non-hostile;

‘non-precision approach (NPA) operation’ means an instrument approach with a minimum descent height (MDH), or DH when flying a CDFA technique, not lower than 250 ft and an RVR/CMV of not less than 750 m for aeroplanes and 600 m for helicopters;

‘NVIS crew member’ means a technical crew member assigned to an NVIS flight;

‘NVIS flight’ means a flight under night visual meteorological conditions (VMC) with the flight crew using NVGs in a helicopter operating under an NVIS approval;

‘ offshore operation ’ means a helicopter operation that has a substantial proportion of any flight conducted over open sea areas to or from an offshore location;

(86a) ‘ offshore location ’ means a facility intended to be used for helicopter operations on a fixed or floating offshore structure or a vessel;

(86b) ‘ open sea area ’ means the area of water to seaward of the coastline;

‘operating site’ means a site, other than an aerodrome, selected by the operator or pilot-in-command or commander for landing, take-off and/or external load operations;

‘operation in performance class 1’ means an operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine, the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-off distance available or safely continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs;

‘operation in performance class 2’ means an operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine, performance is available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the flight, except when the failure occurs early during the take-off manoeuvre or late in the landing manoeuvre, in which cases a forced landing may be required;

‘operation in performance class 3’ means an operation that, in the event of an engine failure at any time during the flight, a forced landing may be required in a multi-engined helicopter and will be required in a single-engined helicopter;

‘operational control’ means the responsibility for the initiation, continuation, termination or diversion of a flight in the interest of safety;

‘other than standard category II (OTS CAT II) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS where some or all of the elements of the precision approach category II light system are not available, and with:

(a)   DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and

(b)   RVR of not less than 350 m;

‘performance class A aeroplanes’ means multi-engined aeroplanes powered by turbo-propeller engines with an MOPSC of more than nine or a maximum take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg, and all multi-engined turbo-jet powered aeroplanes;

‘performance class B aeroplanes’ means aeroplanes powered by propeller engines with an MOPSC of nine or less and a maximum take-off mass of 5 700 kg or less;

‘performance class C aeroplanes’ means aeroplanes powered by reciprocating engines with an MOPSC of more than nine or a maximum take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg;

(95a) ‘ personnel-carrying device system (PCDS) ’ means a system including one or more devices that is either attached to a hoist or cargo hook or mounted to the rotorcraft airframe during human external cargo (HEC) or helicopter hoist operations (HHO). The devices have the structural capability and features needed to transport occupants external to the helicopter e.g. a life safety harness with or without a quick release and strop with a connector ring, a rigid basket or a cage;

(95b) ‘ simple personnel carrying device system (simple “ PCDS ” ) ’ means a PCDS that complies with the following conditions:

(a)   meets a harmonised standard under Regulation (EU) 2016/425 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1) or Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2) ;

(b)   is designed to restrain no more than a single person (for instance, hoist or cargo hook operator, task specialist or photographer) inside the cabin, or to restrain no more than two persons outside the cabin;

(c)   is not a rigid structure such as a cage, a platform or a basket;

‘pilot-in-command’ means the pilot designated as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of the flight. For the purpose of commercial air transport operations, the ‘pilot-in-command’ shall be termed the ‘commander’;

(96a) ‘ portable EFB ’ means a portable EFB host platform, used on the flight deck, which is not part of the configuration of the certified aircraft;

(96b) ‘ portable electronic device (PED) ’ means any kind of electronic device, typically but not limited to consumer electronics, brought on board the aircraft by crew members, passengers, or as part of the cargo, that is not included in the configuration of the certified aircraft. It includes all equipment that is able to consume electrical energy. The electrical energy can be provided from internal sources such as batteries (chargeable or non-rechargeable) or the devices may also be connected to specific aircraft power sources;

‘principal place of business’ means the head office or registered office of the organisation within which the principal financial functions and operational control of the activities referred to in this Regulation are exercised;

‘prioritisation of ramp inspections’ means the dedication of an appropriate portion of the total number of ramp inspections conducted by or on behalf of a competent authority on an annual basis as provided in Part-ARO;

(98a) ‘ proficient ’ means having demonstrated the necessary skills, knowledge and attitudes that are required to perform any defined tasks to the prescribed standard;

‘public interest site (PIS)’ means a site used exclusively for operations in the public interest;

 ‘ramp inspection’ means the inspection of aircraft, of flight and cabin crew qualifications and of flight documentation in order to verify the compliance with the applicable requirements;

 ‘rectification interval’ means a limitation on the duration of operations with inoperative equipment;

 ‘rejected take-off distance available (RTODAH)’ means the length of the final approach and take-off area declared available and suitable for helicopters operated in performance class 1 to complete a rejected take-off;

 ‘rejected take-off distance required (RTODRH)’ means the horizontal distance required from the start of the take-off to the point where the helicopter comes to a full stop following an engine failure and rejection of the take-off at the take-off decision point;

(103a) ‘ required navigation performance (RNP) specification ’ means a navigation specification for PBN operations which includes a requirement for on-board navigation performance monitoring and alerting;

(103b) rules of the air’ means the rules established in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012 (3) ;

(103c) ‘ runway condition report (RCR) ’ means a comprehensive standardised report relating to the conditions of the runway surface and their effect on the aeroplane landing and take-off performance, described by means of runway conditions code;

 ‘runway visual range (RVR)’ means the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line;

 ‘safe forced landing’ means an unavoidable landing or ditching with a reasonable expectancy of no injuries to persons in the aircraft or on the surface;

(105b) ‘ scenario-based training phase ’ means a phase of an EBT module which focuses on the development of competencies, whilst the pilot is trained to mitigate the most critical risks identified for the aircraft generation. It should include the management of specific operator’s threats and errors in a real-time line-orientated environment;

 ‘seaplane’ means a fixed wing aircraft which is designed for taking off and landing on water and includes amphibians operated as seaplanes;

 ‘separate runways’ means runways at the same aerodrome that are separate landing surfaces. These runways may overlay or cross in such a way that if one of the runways is blocked, it will not prevent the planned type of operations on the other runway. Each runway shall have a separate approach procedure based on a separate navigation aid;

(107a) ‘ specially prepared winter runway ’ means a runway with a dry frozen surface of compacted snow or ice which has been treated with sand or grit or has been mechanically treated to improve runway friction;

 ‘special VFR flight’ means a VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC;

 ‘stabilised approach (SAp)’ means an approach that is flown in a controlled and appropriate manner in terms of configuration, energy and control of the flight path from a pre-determined point or altitude/height down to a point 50 ft above the threshold or the point where the flare manoeuvre is initiated if higher;

(109a) ‘ sterile flight crew compartment ’ means any period of time when the flight crew members are not disturbed or distracted, except for matters critical to the safe operation of the aircraft or the safety of the occupants;

 ‘take-off run available (TORA)’ means the length of runway that is declared available by the State of the aerodrome and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off;

(117a) ‘ task specialist ’ means a person assigned by the operator or a third party, or acting as an undertaking, who performs tasks on the ground directly associated with a specialised task or performs specialised tasks on board or from the aircraft;

 ‘ traffic load ’ means the total mass of passengers, baggage, cargo and carry-on specialist equipment and including any ballast;

(120a) ‘ type A EFB application ’ means an EFB application whose malfunction or misuse has no safety effect;

(120b) ‘ type B EFB application ’ means an EFB application:

(a)   whose malfunction or misuse is classified as minor failure condition or below; and

(b)   which neither replaces nor duplicates any system or functionality required by airworthiness regulations, airspace requirements, or operational rules;

 ‘ wet lease agreement ’ means an agreement:

- in the case of CAT operations, between air carriers pursuant to which the aircraft is operated under the AOC of the lessor; or

- in the case of commercial operations other than CAT, between operators pursuant to which the aircraft is operated under the responsibility of the lessor;

‘ aeroplane ’ means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings;

(1a)   ‘ helicopter ’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes;

(1b)  ‘ balloon ’ means a manned lighter-than-air aircraft which is not power-driven and sustains flight through the use of either a lighter-than-air gas or an airborne heater, including gas balloons, hot-air balloons, mixed balloons and, although power-driven, hot-air airships;

(1c)   ‘ sailplane ’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its fixed lifting surfaces, the free flight of which does not depend on an engine;

(1d)  ‘ commercial operation ’ means any operation of an aircraft, in return for remuneration or other valuable consideration, which is available for the public or, when not made available to the public, which is performed under a contract between an operator and a customer, where the latter has no control over the operator;

(1e)   ‘ tethered gas balloon ’ means a gas balloon with a tether system that continuously anchors the balloon to a fixed point during operation;

For the purpose of passenger classification:

(a)   ‘adult’ means a person of an age of 12 years and above;

(b)   ‘child/children’ means persons who are of an age of two years and above but who are less than 12 years of age;

(c)   ‘infant’ means a person under the age of two years;

‘aircraft’ means a machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface;

(8a) ‘ aircraft tracking ’ means a ground based process that maintains and updates, at standardised intervals, a record of the four dimensional position of individual aircraft in flight;

(8b) ‘ aircraft tracking system ’ means a system that relies on aircraft tracking in order to identify abnormal flight behaviour and provide alert;

‘category II (CAT II) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with:

(a)   DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and

(b)   RVR of not less than 300 m;

‘category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with:

(a)   DH lower than 100 ft; and

(b)   RVR not less than 200 m;

‘category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation’ means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or MLS with:

(a)   DH lower than 100 ft, or no DH; and

(b)   RVR lower than 200 m but not less than 75 m;

‘cloud base’ means the height of the base of the lowest observed or forecast cloud element in the vicinity of an aerodrome or operating site or within a specified area of operations, normally measured above aerodrome elevation or, in the case of offshore operations, above mean sea level;

(22a) ‘ cockpit voice recorder (CVR) ’ means a crash-protected flight recorder that uses a combination of microphones and other audio and digital inputs to collect and record the aural environment of the flight crew compartment and communications to, from and between the flight crew members;

‘code share’ means an arrangement under which an operator places its designator code on a flight operated by another operator, and sells and issues tickets for that flight;

(23a) ‘ competency ’ means a dimension of human performance that is used to reliably predict successful performance on the job and which is manifested and observed through behaviours that mobilise the relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes to carry out activities or tasks under specified conditions;

(23b) ‘ competency-based training ’ means assessment and training programmes that are characterised by a performance orientation, emphasis on standards of performance and their measurement and the development of training to the specified performance standards;

(23c) ‘ competency framework ’ means a complete set of identified competencies that are developed, trained and assessed in the operator’s evidence-based training programme utilising scenarios that are relevant to operations and which is wide enough to prepare the pilot for both foreseen and unforeseen threats and errors;

‘dangerous goods incident’ means:

(a)   an occurrence other than a dangerous goods accident associated with and related to the transport of dangerous goods by air, not necessarily occurring on board an aircraft, which results in injury to a person, property damage, fire, breakage, spillage, leakage of fluid or radiation or other evidence that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained;

(b)   any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which seriously jeopardises an aircraft or its occupants;

‘de-icing’, in the case of ground procedures, means a procedure by which frost, ice, snow or slush is removed from an aircraft in order to provide uncontaminated surfaces;

‘defined point after take-off (DPATO)’ means the point, within the take-off and initial climb phase, before which the helicopter’s ability to continue the flight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not assured and a forced landing may be required;

‘ dry runway ’ means a runway whose surface is free of visible moisture and not contaminated within the area intended to be used;

(42a) ‘ EFB application ’ means a software application installed on an EFB host platform that provides one or more specific operational functions which support flight operations;

(42b) ‘ EFB host platform ’ means the hardware equipment in which the computing capabilities and basic software reside, including the operating system and the input/output software;

(42c) ‘ EFB system ’ means the hardware equipment (including any battery, connectivity provisions, input/output components) and software (including databases and the operating system) needed to support the intended EFB application(s);

(42d) ‘ EBT module ’ means a combination of sessions in a qualified flight simulation training device as part of the 3-year period of recurrent assessment and training;

‘ ELA1 aircraft ’ means the following manned European Light Aircraft:

(a)   an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 1 200 kg or less that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft;

(b)   a sailplane or powered sailplane of 1 200 kg MTOM or less;

(c)   a balloon with a maximum design lifting gas or hot air volume of not more than 3 400 m ³ for hot air balloons, 1 050 m ³ for gas balloons, 300 m ³ for tethered gas balloons;

‘ ELA2 aircraft ’ means the following manned European Light Aircraft:

(a)   an aeroplane with a Maximum Take-off Mass (MTOM) of 2 000 kg or less that is not classified as complex motor-powered aircraft;

(b)   a sailplane or powered sailplane of 2 000 kg MTOM or less;

(c)   a balloon;

(d)   a Very Light Rotorcraft with a MTOM not exceeding 600 kg which is of a simple design, designed to carry not more than two occupants, not powered by turbine and/or rocket engines; restricted to VFR day operations;

(44a) ‘ electronic flight bag (EFB) ’ means an electronic information system, comprised of equipment and applications for flight crew, which allows for the storing, updating, displaying and processing of EFB functions to support flight operations or duties;

‘elevated final approach and take-off area (elevated FATO)’ means a FATO that is at least 3 m above the surrounding surface;

(45a) ‘ emergency exit ’ means an installed exit-type egress point from the aircraft that allows maximum opportunity for cabin and flight crew compartment evacuation within an appropriate time period and includes floor level door, window exit or any other type of exit, for instance hatch in the flight crew compartment and tail cone exit;

‘en-route alternate (ERA) aerodrome’ means an adequate aerodrome along the route, which may be required at the planning stage;

‘enhanced vision system (EVS)’ means a system to display electronic real-time images of the external scene achieved through the use of imaging sensors;

(47a) ‘ enrolment ’ means the administrative action carried out by the operator where a pilot participates in the operator’s EBT programme;

(47b) ‘ enrolled pilot ’ means the pilot that participates in the EBT recurrent training programme;

(47c) ‘equivalency of approachesmeans all the approaches that place an additional demand on a proficient crew regardless of whether they are used or not in the EBT modules;

(47d) ‘ equivalency of malfunctions ’ means all the malfunctions that put a significant demand on a proficient crew regardless of whether they are used or not in the EBT modules;

(47e) ‘ evaluation phase ’ means one of the phases of an EBT modulewhich is a line-orientated flight scenario, representative of the operator’s environment during which there are one or more occurrences to evaluate key elements of the defined competency framework;

(47f) ‘ evidence-based training (EBT) ’ means assessment and training based on operational data that is characterised by developing and assessing the overall capability of a pilot across a range of competencies (competency framework) rather than by measuring the performance in individual events or manoeuvres;